![]() ![]() The rise in labor specialization and technological advances drove development in a range of sectors, including manufacturing and trade. Inequality emerged during this transitional period, as did new social formations. ![]() Most African societies between the 5th century and 1500 moved from communalism toward something resembling European feudalism. Family also dominated land, labor, and distribution systems, which were based on kinship ties. ![]() African societies were initially communal and family centric, with social relations and religion revolving around kinship and ancestors. Governments in developed countries function more efficiently than those in underdeveloped countries, which tend to have bloated administrations that stifle national wealth.Ĭhapter 2 describes development in Africa before the era of European imperialism. They also provide social services that promote well-being and happiness, and have an abundance of skilled labor, whereas underdeveloped nations lack qualified personnel like engineers, teachers, and doctors. ![]() Developed nations are industrialized and have higher incomes per capita than underdeveloped countries. Chapter 1 defines development and underdevelopment, stressing the comparative nature of these terms. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa comprises six interrelated chapters. ![]()
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